MENYATAKAN JAM/WAKTU (TELLING THE TIME) DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

Ketika Anda mempelajari bahasa Inggris, Anda akan sering menjumpai kata atau kalimat yang menceritakan tentang jam/ waktu. Mungkin Anda juga akan sering menggunakan keterangan waktu ketika Anda akan menceritakan sebuah cerita atau kejadian. Pada artikel ini akan dibahas bagaimana Anda menceritakan waktu (menceritakan jam lebih tepatnya) dalam bahasa Inggris.

Anda dapat menceritakan jam dengan cara mengucapkan jamnya terlebih dahulu kemudian menitnya. Perhatikanlah contoh berikut ini :

6.10 : Six ten

7.30 : Seven thirty

9.45 : Nine Forty five

10.09 : Ten o nine

Kemudian, Anda dapat menceritakan menitnya terlebih dahulu dan kemudian mengucapkan jamnya. Perhatikanlah contoh berikut ini :

5.10 : Ten past five

07.20 : Twenty past seven

09.25 : Twenty five past nine

Untuk menit 31 sampai dengan 59 Anda menggunakan to. Contoh :

5.35 : Twenty five to six (Jam 6 kurang 25 menit)

8.50 : Ten to nine (Jam 10 kurang 10)

10.45 : Fifteen to eleven (Jam 11 kurang 15)

Untuk 30 menit, pada bahasa Inggris disebut half dan 15 menit disebut a quarter. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini :

2.15 : A quarter past two

5.30 : half past five

3.45 : A quarter to four

6.30 : Half past six

8.45 : A quarter to nine

Pada bahasa Inggris Amerika, Past juga kadang digantikan oleh after.

Contohnya :

8.15 (A quarter after eight), 5.20 (Twenty after five), 8.30 (Half after eight).

Kemudian pada bahasa Inggris Amerika kata to juga sering digantikan oleh before atau of, misalnya : 5.55 (Five before six).

Sedangkan untuk menyatakan tepat maka kita gunakan kata O'clock. Perhatikanlah contoh berikut ini :

08.00 : Eight o'clock

12.00 : Twelve o'clock

PENGGUNAAN A.M. DAN P.M.

Pada bahasa Inggris, Anda sering melihat pemakaian a.m. dan p.m. ketika membaca waktu. Kedua penunjuk waktu tersebut memiliki singkatan sendiri. Yakni, a.m. : ante merediem yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu antara jam 00.00 sampai pukul 12.00 dan p.m. : post merediem digunakan untuk menjelaskan waktu antara 12.00 sampai 00.00. penggunaan kedua penunjuk waktu tersebut dibarengi oleh waktu yang telah dijelaskan di atas. Misalnya : 01.35 a.m. dan sebagainya. Jika Anda tidak ingin menggunakan penunjuk waktu tersebut, Anda dapat menggunakan keterangan waktu seperti; in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening atau at night.

Contoh :

8.15 (A quarter past eight in the morning)

How to create own themes on windows 7

Theme or themes are often used to replace a desktop computer and change the display in the windows operating system. Display a wallpaper that changes over time and alternating with another image automatically. To get the Windows 7 theme, you can easily get it to download on the internet. There are so many websites that provide download link for windows 7 theme.
Regardless of the many kinds of themes that you can download on the internet, you can make and put it in your windows 7. Thus the theme will be made ​​by your laptop or computer cash characterize yours. Want to try it? Please follow the steps below.

1. Prepare some pictures that you have with the desired resolution, eg dimensions of 1920 X 1200, or be with another resolution. 
2. Save the images in a folder and name it as my theme or another name that is up to you.
3. Save the folder on the hard drive of your computer or laptop, can be in the C, D, or E.
4. If it lets the installed theme dikomputer.
5. Right click on the desktop and select Personalize. 
6. On the window that appears click Desktop Background at the bottom of the window.
7. Next on the Picture Location click Browse and select the folder themeku (new theme that you created earlier is stored) and then click OK.            
8. Then the image you have saved in the same folder will appear in the desktop background window. Then select or tick all the images. 
9. On the Picture Position Select Fill, and select the Change Picture Every time you want. If you have click Save Changes.                                         
10. In the window of your themes are the themes that will be named unsaved themes. You can save the theme by right clicking on the save unsaved theme then select the theme and name of your theme.
11. Congratulations ..... made ​​your own theme already installed on your computer or laptop

what is English for Science & Technology (EST)

Starting from a wider perspective of discourse as language in use, context, structure and text as pillars of discourse understanding, attention is turned towards a narrower functional perspective of variation in language use. Three important concepts are reviewed and defined here:

Ø  ESP/LSP refers to domain related discourses and its study looks into aspects of communication in specialized fields such as science, medicine, law, environment, etc. A discourse oriented approach is taken to analyze domain specific communication based mainly on factors such as the degree of specialization of text, the relationships between the communication participants, the degree of expertise knowledge they have and the purposes pursued by them.

Ø  EAP is seen in the context of languages for specific purposes; attention is given to the branch labeled English for specific academic purposes (Jordan 1997). Here a challenge to traditional views on characteristic features of academic prose is presented. We conclude that modern academic prose is better described as condensed and compressed, that its grammatical complexity lies mostly in the structure of the nominal phrase and that it is semantically less explicit as understanding of specialized meaning depends heavily on specialized knowledge.

Ø  English for Science and Technology (EST) is designed to help international undergraduates and graduate students and professionals become more comfortable using English as a common language in the fields of science and technology.

In the following section, EST is discussed as an object of study for various discourse approaches. The review follows analysis of the discourse of science from comprehensive discourse analysis theories, through genre theory, register variation and cognitive approaches to variation inside frameworks of analyzing specialized discourse. The aim is to provide an overview of outcomes relevant to a profile of (domain specific) specialized discourse and of outcomes as new directions/relevant frameworks for more specific levels of investigation into specialized discourse.

The first approach is L.Trimble’s (1985) who states that EST is a spectrum/continuum extending from the peer writing of scientists and technically oriented professionals to the writing aimed at skilled technicians. It includes several types of instructional discourse, with various communicative purposes and targeted audiences. It is the first comprehensive view on the discourse of science and technology as a distinct variant of language in use.

In the Systemic Functional framework the focus is ‘the language of science’ seen as a functional variety or ‘register’. This particular cognitive and communicative act was realized in the English language by regular morphological patterns for representing a classificatory system in words. Recognizable resources of scientific discourse are nominalizations, high lexical density, nominal style and grammatical metaphor.

The language of science is viewed in genre studies in the context of professional communication. Studying professional communication and its genres is motivated by:

a. the fact that written disciplinary communication is meant to facilitate social interaction and the production of knowledge;

b. the fact that the production of knowledge is codified in generic forms.

Two traditions are overviewed here: Swales’ Create a Research Space model (1990, 2004) and Bhatia’s professional genres perspective (2004). Genre studies relate professional communication as patterned responses with professional practices and communities producing the respective genres. They introduce the idea of variability within patterns and disciplinary variation in language use. An extension of this genre theory is the social/cognitive genre approach, where social and cognitive are complementary categories and complete a detailed and comprehensive view of discourse and textual features of genres (Bruce 2005).

Corpus based approaches provide another interesting view on languages for specific purposes and on the language of science in the same context. Corpus based studies draw statistical data from large population of texts. They allow comparisons with many text-variables and contextual variables. An important outcome for the study of disciplinary communication is their stress on parameters of similitude and variation, not as individual features but as patterns of co-occurrence. These approaches support increasingly more specific levels of analysis. Comparative studies show that the ‘register’ of science varies on several dimensions from, for example, conversation (Biber et al 1998). Multi-dimensional analysis proved useful in studying more specific registers and in identifying what makes them different from one another (e.g. research articles in ecology vs. research articles in history).

Lexical approaches to EST are related mostly to (foreign) language teaching and learning. Computer aided research and language corpora offer opportunities to look at specific ‘technical’ vocabulary beyond single words in any field. Data driven research has indicated that specialized lexis is better thought of as language prefabs or ‘formulaic multi-word units/collocations’ (Mudraya 2006).Thus, technical vocabulary comprises words and collocations specific to one or closely related fields, with high frequency, specific meaning and typical collocation patterns.

References

Woodward-Kron, R. (2008), ‘More than just jargon - the nature and role of specialist language in learning disciplinary knowledge’, Journal of English for Academic Purposes 7, pp. 234-249.

Ozturk, I. (2007) ‘The textual organization of research article introductions in applied linguistics: variability within a single discipline’, English for Specific Purposes, vol. 26, pp. 25-38.

Orr, Th. (1995), English for Science and Technology: profiles and perspectives, Fukushima: Center for language research, University of Aizu.

https://extension.ucdavis.edu/unit/international_english/science.asp

http://doctorat.ubbcluj.ro/sustinerea_publica/rezumate/2011/filologie/munteanu_sonia_carmen_en.pdf

Beberapa ekspresi umum dalam belajar bahasa Inggris

Ketemu lagi kawan, semoga gak bosen ketemu saya terus hehehe
 Semoga berkah, melimpah buat kawan2 semua… Aamiin.
Kali ini saya akan berbagi tentang beberapa ekspresi umum dalam bahasa Inggris. Let's we learn!!
# Asking for permission (meminta ijin) / meminta sesuatu
May I speed up the spin ? (bolehkah saya mempercepat putarannya ?)
Can I have this one? (boleh saya meminta yang ini ?)
Catatan :
‘May I’ digunakan secara formal, lebih sopan (more polite), (terhadap orang yang lebih tua atau dihormati)
‘Can I’ digunakan secara informal (sesama teman/sebaya)

# Asking for help (meminta bantuan)
Would you mind helping me lift up those boxes ? (keberatankah kamu / maukah kamu membantuku mengangkat kotak itu?)
Would you help me bring my bag ? (maukah kamu membantuku membawa tasku ?) atau cukup
Would you bring my bag ?
Would you help me, please (tolong, bantu aku)
Can you help me take my ruler over there ? (bisakah membantuku mengambilkan penggarisku disana ?) atau ‘can you take my ruler over there ?’
Can you help me, please (tolong, bantu aku)
Help me, please
Catatan :
‘Would you’ bersifat polite request (lebih sopan)
‘Would you mind’ harus diikuti kata kerja bentuk ‘ing’ (Verb-ing), (keluar dalam ujian SOB..hehe…)
‘Can you’ bersifat informal (sesama teman, sebaya)

# Giving things (memberikan sesuatu/barang)
Here you are/Here it is (Ini/ini dia/ini lho, kalau bahasa jawanya ‘iki lho’)
A : May I borrow your ruler ? (boleh saya pinjam penggarismu ?)
B : Of course, here it is (tentu saja, iki lho ….hehe)

# Asking for clarity (meminta kejelasan)
Pardon/excuse me/ would you repeat it again (apa). Kalau dalam bahasa Jawa (opo? Piye?)
A : turn around, please !! (tolong, Berbalik !!)
B : Pardon (Opo Lek …..hehe)
A : turn around, please !! (tolong berbalik !!)

# Bentuk imperative (bentuk kalimat perintah/menyuruh)
Kalimat imperative (perintah) selalu menggunakan bentuk kata kerja pertama (verb-1) pada awal kalimat, bukan bentuk ‘ing’ atau bentuk kata kerja yang lain.Beberapa ekspresi di atas sudah ada yang menggunakan bentuk imperative, seperti :
Help me, please !
Turn around, please !
Close the door, please !
Etc

Jadi kalau ada yang bikin kalimat seperti ini kurang tepat kawan.
Learn English is fun= belajar bahasa Inggris itu menyenangkan (kurang tepat)
Learning English is fun (tepat). Jadi kata kerjanya harus dibendakan dulu dengan menambahkan bentuk ‘ing’. 

Reference: 

http://belajarbahasainggris-4me.blogspot.com/2012/09/beberapa-ekspresi-umum-dalam-belajar.html

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio in research

Types of Data & Measurement Scales: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio

There are four measurement scales (or types of data): nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio.  These are simply ways to categorize different types of variables.  This topic is usually discussed in the context of academic teaching and less often in the “real world.”  If you are brushing up on this concept for a statistics test, thank a psychologist researcher named Stanley Stevens for coming up with these terms.  These four measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) are best understood with example, as you’ll see below.

Nominal
Let’s start with the easiest one to understand.  Nominal scales are used for labeling variables, without anyquantitative value.  ”Nominal” scales could simply be called “labels.”  Here are some examples, below.  Notice that all of these scales are mutually exclusive (no overlap) and none of them have any numerical significance.  A good way to remember all of this is that “nominal” sounds a lot like “name” and nominal scales are kind of like “names” or labels.

Examples of Nominal Scales

Note: a sub-type of nominal scale with only two categories (e.g. male/female) is called “dichotomous.”  If you are a student, you can use that to impress your teacher.

Continue reading about types of data and measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio…

OrdinalWith ordinal scales, it is the order of the values is what’s important and significant, but the differences between each one is not really known.  Take a look at the example below.  In each case, we know that a #4 is better than a #3 or #2, but we don’t know–and cannot quantify–how much better it is.  For example, is the difference between “OK” and “Unhappy” the same as the difference between “Very Happy” and “Happy?”  We can’t say.

Ordinal scales are typically measures of non-numeric concepts like satisfaction, happiness, discomfort, etc.

“Ordinal” is easy to remember because is sounds like “order” and that’s the key to remember with “ordinal scales”–it is the order that matters, but that’s all you really get from these.

Advanced note: The best way to determine central tendency on a set of ordinal data is to use the mode or median; the mean cannot be defined from an ordinal set.

Example of Ordinal Scales

IntervalInterval scales are numeric scales in which we know not only the order, but also the exact differences between the values.  The classic example of an interval scale is Celsius temperature because the difference between each value is the same.  For example, the difference between 60 and 50 degrees is a measurable 10 degrees, as is the difference between 80 and 70 degrees.  Time is another good example of an interval scale in which the increments are known, consistent, and measurable.

Interval scales are nice because the realm of statistical analysis on these data sets opens up.  For example,central tendency can be measured by mode, median, or mean; standard deviation can also be calculated.

Like the others, you can remember the key points of an “interval scale” pretty easily.  ”Interval” itself means “space in between,” which is the important thing to remember–interval scales not only tell us about order, but also about the value between each item.

Here’s the problem with interval scales: they don’t have a “true zero.”  For example, there is no such thing as “no temperature.”  Without a true zero, it is impossible to compute ratios.  With interval data, we can add and subtract, but cannot multiply or divide.  Confused?  Ok, consider this: 10 degrees + 10 degrees = 20 degrees.  No problem there.  20 degrees is not twice as hot as 10 degrees, however, because there is no such thing as “no temperature” when it comes to the Celsius scale.  I hope that makes sense.  Bottom line, interval scales are great, but we cannot calculate ratios, which brings us to our last measurement scale…

Example of Interval Scale

Ratio

Ratio scales are the ultimate nirvana when it comes to measurement scales because they tell us about the order, they tell us the exact value between units, AND they also have an absolute zero–which allows for a wide range of both descriptive and inferential statistics to be applied.  At the risk of repeating myself, everything above about interval data applies to ratio scales + ratio scales have a clear definition of zero.  Good examples of ratio variables include height and weight.

Ratio scales provide a wealth of possibilities when it comes to statistical analysis.  These variables can be meaningfully added, subtracted, multiplied, divided (ratios).  Central tendency can be measured by mode, median, or mean; measures of dispersion, such as standard deviation and coefficient of variation can also be calculated from ratio scales.

This Device Provides Two Examples of Ratio Scales (height and weight)

Summary

In summary, nominal variables are used to “name,” or label a series of values.  Ordinal scales provide good information about the order of choices, such as in a customer satisfaction survey.  Interval scales give us the order of values + the ability to quantify the difference between each one.  Finally, Ratio scales give us the ultimate–order, interval values, plus the ability to calculate ratios since a “true zero” can be defined.

summary of data types and scale measures

That’s it!  I hope this explanation is clear and that you know understand the four types of data measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio!

Reference:

http://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/types-of-data-nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/ 

 

Cara Menghilangkan Jerawat Secara Alami

Cara menghilangkan jerawat secara alami, tradisional yang efektif dengan memanfaatkan kekayaan Indonesia. Jerawat memang menjadi momok tersendiri bagi sebagian orang, bahkan banyak yang rela menghabiskan jutaan rupiah hanya untuk menghilangkan jerawat di wajahnya. Sesungguhnya  jika kita lebih jeli, banyak bahan-bahan tradisional yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk mengobati jerawat.

 

Gambar menghilangkan jerawat, img source:blogspot.com

                                                              
Jerawat ini umumnya muncul ketika seseorang menginjak usia puber. Namun tak jarang juga yang masih harus bergelut dengan jerawat hingga usia dewasa. Penyebab jerawat itu sendiri bisa berasal dari berbagai faktor, mulai dari faktor internal sampai faktor eksternal tubuh kita sendiri. Ada beberapa cara yang bisa ditempuh untuk menghilangkannya :

Menghilangkan jerawat dari dalam

Secara alami, tubuh kita menghasilkan minyak untuk menjaga kelembabban dan kesehatan kulit. Namun jika tubuh menghasilkan minyak berlebih, maka yang terjadi adalah jerawat mudah tumbuh pada kulit berminyak. Lakukan langkah berikut:

1. Hindari makanan berlemak

    Hindari makanan kaya lemak seperti, kacang-kacangan, yoghurt, coklat, dan makanan berlemak lainnya. Makanan yang mengandung banyak lemak jika dikonsumsi berlebihan akan menjadikan tubuh memproduksi minyak berlebih. Hal tersebut juga berdampak pada kulit, minyak berlebih pada kulit akan menyumbat pori-pori kulit yang akhirnya membentuk gumpalan dan mengundang bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes, bakteri penyebab jerawat.

2. Konsumsi makanan berserat

    Makanan yang mengandung banyak serat baik itu buah-buahan maupun sayuran akan membantu tubuh melarutkan lemak jahat pada tubuh. Sehingga kadar minyak berlebih yang dihasilkan tubuh pun berkurang, tentu saja minyak pada kulit pun berkurang.

3. Minum lebih banyak air putih

    Air putih sangat baik untuk kulit dan kesehatan tubuh. Air putih membantu menjaga metabolisme tubuh dan yang terpenting membantu proses regenerasi sel kulit. Dengan meminum lebih banyak air putih, akan membersihkan kotoran dalam tubuh yang bisa menyebabkan jerawat.

Menghilangkan jerawat dari luar

1. Madu 

 

    Sudah menjadi rahasia umum cairan dengan begitu banyak manfaat ini juga bermanfaat untuk menghilangkan jerawat. Berbagai penelitian membuktikan bahwa madu terbukti berkhasiat menyembuhkan beragam penyakit dan juga mampu membasmi berjerawat. Cara menggunakannya sangat mudah yaitu hanya dengan mengoleskan madu pada kulit yang berjerawat. Lakukan hal tersebut dengan menggunakan kapas dan diamkan selama 15 menit, kemudian bilas dengan air putih hingga bersih.

2. Kulit Jeruk dan Lemon

Kulit jeruk dan lemon memiliki khasiat untuk menghilangkan jerawat. Bahkan obat jerawat yang tersedia di pasaran pun banyak yang menggunakan jeruk dan lemon sebagai bahan. Menggunakannya cukup mudah, yaitu dengan menumbuk kulit jeruk sampai halus kemudian campur sedikit air. Hasil campuran tersebut bisa dioleskan pada bagian yang berjerawat. Untuk hasil yang maksimal sebaiknya di biarkan hingga 10-15 menit sebelum dibilas dengan air bersih.

                                     

3. Mentimun 

    Meski jenis buah ini mudah ditemukan dan harganya sangat murah ternyata mengandung zat yang bermanfaat bagi tubuh termasuk untuk mengatasi jerawat. Anda bisa melakukan dengan cara mengiris lalu menempelkan pada bagian yang terkena dan fungsinya untuk untuk memberikan efek sejuk pada bagian kulit yang meradang, setelah 15 menit kemudian cuci dengan air bersih.

4. Pepaya

    Kandungan vitamin pada buah pepaya sangat baik untuk kulit. Namun masih jarang yang memanfaatkan untuk mengobati jerawat dikarenakan aroma-nya. Caranya cukup mudah, blender pepaya sesuai kebutuhan, kemudian oleskan pepaya hasil blender tadi pada wajah selama 20 menit selanjutnya bersihkan dengan air. 

5. Putih Telur

    Cara menghilangkan jerawat yang ini cukup mudah dan murah, yaitu memanfaatkan telur. Putih telur sangat baik untuk pengobatan jerawat jika digunakan sebagai masker. Caranya cukup mudah, siapkan sebutir telur, ambil putihnya dan gunakan sebagai masker. Diamkan selama 30 menit, kemudian bilas dengan air bersih.

beautiful place from Papua, Indonesia

LORENTZ NATIONAL PARK

Lorentz National Park is representative of the complete ecosystem for biodiversity in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Lorentz National Park is one of the world heritage sites (World Heritage Site) with an area of 2.4 million hectares, making it the largest protected area in Indonesia, representing diverse types of habitats, from swamps to high mountain forests.

This area is also one of the three regions of the world that have glaciers in the tropics. Stretches from snow-capped mountain peak (5,030 meters above sea level), to stretch out to the coastal waters with mangrove forests and borders the Arafura Sea waters. In this stretch, there is a spectrum of ecological stunning alpine vegetation of the region, sub-alpine, montane, sub-montane, lowland, and wetlands.

In addition to having a very high biodiversity, there are also some specific and unique presence in the Puncak Jaya glaciers and rivers that disappear a few kilometers into the ground in the Valley Balliem.

Most of this area is a forest untouched by human or still natural. A total of 34 types of vegetation are in the region including swamp forest, riverside forests, sago forest, peat forests, coral sand beaches, rain forests, mountains and other woods. Mangrove and Nipa plants also adorn most of the south side of this area.

In addition to the diversity of the flora, fauna in the national park is also diverse. Several species of mammals such as the pig spines long snout, pig snout short spines, wallaby, bobcat, 4 types of possum, tree kangaroos. In addition to mammals, animals are the most popular species of birds here.

Plant species in the park include Nipah (Nypa fruticans), mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata), Pandanus julianettii, Colocasia esculenta, Avicennia marina, Podocarpus pilgeri, and Nauclea coadunata.

The types of animals that have been identified in the Lorentz National Park as many as 630 species of birds (± 70 % of the bird in Papua) and 123 species of mammals. Bird species that is characteristic of this national park there are two types of cassowary, four megapodes, 31 species of pigeon /doves, 30 species of parrots, 13 species of birds of shrimp, 29 species of birds honey, and 20 endemic species including long-tailed bird of paradise (Paradigalla caruneulata) and quail snow (Anurophasis monorthonyx).

Species of mammals recorded include long snout pig spines (Zaglossus bruijnii), pig snout short spines ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ), 4 types of possum, wallaby, bobcat, and tree kangaroos.

Lorentz National Park designated as a World Natural Heritage Site by UNESCO and Natural Heritage of ASEAN by the ASEAN countries.

This national park has a high biodiversity and cultural diversity supported awesome. It is estimated that the culture 30,000 years old and is the residence of tribal Nduga, Western Dani, Amungme, Sempan and Asmat. The possibility there's more people living in the remote wilderness that has not made contact with modern humans.

The Asmat are famous for carving sculpture skills. According to belief, the rate is identical to the forest or the trees. The trunk is denoted as the human body, the branches as arms, and the fruit as a human head. The tree is considered as the life of their ancestors. Asmat people who respect the system tree, it also applies to rivers, mountains and others.

Lorentz designated as a national park in 1997, so the facility/facilities for the convenience of visitors is still very limited, and not all the objects and natural tourist attraction in this park have been identified and developed.

The best visiting season: August until December each year.

How to reach:

From Timika city to the northern part of the region using pioneering flight and to the southern part of the ship through the Port of Sawa Erma, followed by the path to several locations.

REFERENCES:

http://www.dephut.go.id/uploads/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/tn_lorentz.htm

http://dasborpariwisata.blogspot.com/2014/03/keindahan-taman-nasional-lorentz-papua.html